Detection of nitrofuran metabolites

Nitrofuran drugs are a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has a killing effect on most Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. They act on the microbial enzyme system, inhibit acetyl CoA, interfere with the metabolism of microbial sugars, and thus have antibacterial effects. Nitrofuran drugs have been widely used in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries to treat enteritis, scabies, red fin disease, ulcers, and other diseases caused by Escherichia coli or Salmonella. Due to the carcinogenic and teratogenic side effects of nitrofuran drugs and their metabolites on the human body, the Ministry of Health of China blacklisted nitrofuran drugs furazolidone, furantazone, furantoin, and furacilin as non edible substances that may be illegally added on March 22, 2010. On December 27, 2019, nitrofuran was included in the list of prohibited drugs and other compounds in food animals. There are four common types of nitrofuran drugs: furazolidone, furatadone, furantoin, and furacilin. Nitrofuran substances are yellow powders with stable properties, odorless or slightly bitter in taste. Furazolidone is almost insoluble in water and ethanol, furacilin is insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, and furantoin is almost insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Nitrofuran based prototype drugs metabolize rapidly in organisms, with metabolites such as AOZ, AMOZ, AHD, SEM, and protein binding that are quite stable. Therefore, metabolite detection is often used to reflect the residual status of nitrofuran based drugs. Nitrofuran drugs have certain applications in the treatment of human diseases. The following is a brief introduction to the application of common nitrofuran drugs. Furantoin is an antibacterial agent, and most Escherichia coli and Enterococcus are sensitive to it. The blood drug concentration is very low and is not suitable for the treatment of systemic infections. It is mainly used in clinical practice for urinary tract infections caused by sensitive bacteria. Common gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Occasionally, allergic reactions such as drug fever and granulocytopenia, as well as neurological symptoms such as headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and polyneuritis, have been observed. Patients with a deficiency of 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase may still experience hemolytic anemia. Furazolidone (Ritalin) has low oral absorption and high intestinal concentration. Mainly used for bacterial dysentery and tourist diarrhea. It can also be used for typhoid fever, cholera, etc. In addition to gastrointestinal reactions and allergies, it can occasionally cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice. Furantazone is not easily absorbed in the intestine after oral administration, so it is mainly used for intestinal infections and can also be used for the treatment of coccidiosis and turkey blackhead disease. Furacillin is only used as a disinfectant and preservative in clinical practice for skin and mucosal infections, such as suppurative otitis media, purulent dermatitis, acute and chronic rhinitis, burns, ulcers, etc. There is little stimulation to the tissue, and pus and blood have no significant impact on its disinfection effect

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